Is Hazing a Legal Term
The practice of ritual abuse in social groups is not clearly understood. This is due in part to the mysterious nature of the activities, especially within fraternities and academic sororities, and in part to the long-term acceptance of hazing. As a result, it has been difficult for researchers to agree on the underlying social and psychological mechanisms that maintain turbidity. In military circles, turbidity is sometimes believed to test recruits in situations of stress and hostility. While by no means a replica of combat, turbidity puts people in stressful situations they can`t control, which is supposed to eliminate weaker limbs before putting them in situations where non-compliance costs lives. Part of the military training course, known as Survival, Dodge, Resistance and Flight (SERE), simulates as closely as possible the physical and psychological conditions of a POW camp. Since then, deaths have continued over the years. On November 17, 2014, Trevor Duffy was initiated into Zeta Beta Tau, a fraternity not affiliated with the University at Albany, New York. Duffy, who was 19, died of alcohol poisoning two days after being forced to drink an entire 60-ounce bottle of vodka. His blood alcohol level was 0.58 — much higher than the level known to be fatal to almost everyone, ranging from about 0.35 to 0.4. However, things start to get serious when a promise is subjected to certain behaviors that can have long-term consequences. Examples of cloudiness at cruel and even severe levels include sleep deprivation, which lasts long enough to cause hallucinations or other mental impairments, or alter the bodily functions of promise, such as those related to the heart and digestive system. The larger the turbidity group, the worse the turbidity can be.
For example, if the group controls local hospitals, the promise may be abused or neglected if he or she tries to seek treatment at one of those hospitals. There is no anti-hazing legislation in the Netherlands. Incidents of hazing can be dealt with internally by the Brotherhood itself (the mildest cases) and by the criminal justice system as bodily harm or, in the case of death, negligent homicide or manslaughter. Universities generally support Studentenwerke (financially and by granting board members of this association a discount on the required number of ECTS credits), but in extreme cases they can suspend or withdraw recognition and support for such an association. Harassment of their suitors by women, often aided by the women`s friends, can also play a role in budding romantic relationships, which usually take mental and psychological rather than physical forms, and appear to be used for the same basic purposes as other clouds. A report on Gaelic Games County gamers found that 6% of reported gamers were aware of excessive forced alcohol consumption as a form of turbidity. [46] In November 2005, controversy erupted over a video showing Royal Marines fighting naked and drunk as part of a turbidity ritual. The battle culminated with a soldier being kicked in the face and knocked him out. [58] The victim said, according to the BBC, “It`s just marine humour.” [59] The Marine who leaked the video said, “The guy who was laid was inches away from being dead.” Under investigation, the Marines had just returned from a six-month tour of Iraq and were in their “cooling” phase, during which they spent two weeks at a naval base before being allowed to reintegrate into the company. The man who was kicked in the head did not press charges. [ref.
needed] “Violent” cloudiness is behavior that can cause physical, emotional and/or psychological harm. These are often activities that tend to be the most extreme types of turbidity. Here are some examples: A 2014 paper by Harvey Whitehouse[28] discusses theories that turbidity can cause social cohesion through group identification and identity fusion. A 2017 study published in Scientific Reports found that groups that share painful or severe negative experiences can cause visceral [vague] attachments and group-friendly behavior. [29] Brazilian Jiu Jitsu students who suffered painful belt cuffs were more willing to give their time or risk their lives for the club. A 2007 survey of U.S. colleges found that 55 percent of students in “clubs, teams, and organizations” experienced behavior defined by the survey as turbidity, including in college sports and Greek arts organizations. This survey revealed that 47% of respondents had experienced turbidity prior to college, and in 25% of cases, school staff were aware of the activity. 90% of students who experienced behavior that the researchers defined as turbidity did not consider themselves obscured, and 95% of those who experienced what they themselves defined as turbidity did not report it. The most common turbidity-related activities reported in student groups included drinking, humiliation, isolation, lack of sleep, and sexual acts. [31] (b) If a student is convicted of hazing, in addition to any sentence imposed by the court, he or she will be expelled from the school, college, university or other educational institution he or she attends. In 1992, Marc Anderson and 11 other members of the Western Illinois University lacrosse club were indicted for the death of Nicholas Haben.
The Supreme Court eventually overturned the lower court`s ruling that the hazing law was “unconstitutionally too broad and vague.” Haben died of alcohol poisoning after he and eight of his lacrosse colleagues were driven into the woods near the college campus, where they were beaten and forced to drink a mixture of beer, coffee, alcohol, tuna, eggs and hot dogs. Hazing supposedly serves a conscious purpose of solidarity education. Psychologist Robert Cialdini uses the framework of coherence and commitment to explain the phenomenon of turbidity and the power and zeal that hazing practitioners insist on and defend these activities, even when they are made illegal. [17] Cialdini cites a 1959 study in which researchers observed that “people who put a lot of effort or pain into achieving something tend to enjoy it more than people who do the same thing with minimal effort.” [18] The 1959 study shaped the development of Leon Festinger`s theory of cognitive dissonance. [19] There are several psychological effects that Hazer and Hazee experience throughout the turbidity process. In a paper published by Raalte, Cornelius, Linder and Brewer, the researchers used sports teams as the subject of their study. The authors suggest that turbidity can lead to positive outcomes. During the turbidity process, a bond developed between the two parties (the Hazer and the Hazee). [20] Many people see hazing as an effective way to teach respect and develop discipline and loyalty within the group, and believe that hazing is a necessary part of initiation rites. [21] Hazing can be used as a way to generate conformity within a social group, which can be seen in many sociological studies. [ref.
needed] In addition, initiation rituals, when managed effectively, can serve to strengthen team cohesion and improve team performance,[22] while negative and harmful forms of turbidity alienate and denigrate individuals. [23] Members and their parents, group leaders/counsellors, as well as their organisation and national affiliates may be prosecuted in a civil court for psychological or physical harm resulting from the turbidity. Cloudiness on the university campus has led to many successful lawsuits. Groups can also engage in what`s called “Silence,” where members, when confronted, claim that the obfuscation never happened, forcing the promise to doubt whether they are crazy or not because they think it was. “Silence” can also be invoked to cover up the actions of a group that violate the civil rights of an enlistment or the law. These acts are committed in secret, so it often seems that what is wrong is actually the fault of the promise. Under “Silence,” members can speak encrypted when passing instructions to a wish, so commands can`t be traced back to the group or individual members. Police forces, especially those with a paramilitary tradition, or sub-units of police forces such as tactical teams, may also have turbidity rituals.
Rescue services such as rescuers[32][33] or air-sea rescue teams may perform turbidity rituals. [ref. needed] The practice of turbidity at West Point came into the national spotlight after his death.